Recently we setup a server called Bryan here is the PDF of the transcript of the installation
These commands and hints are arranged in no particular order
full description of all VI commands
installing the nano text editor
Configuring Apache (httpd) web server
Daemons killing, starting, restarting, reconfiguring
Appletalk (netatalk installation)
Windows networking (SAMBA installation)
Setting up the use of distant proxy servers eg Department of Education and Training
To get full documentation on all of these commands, type
man <command> eg man finger
where <command> is replaced with one of the following
w
to show you how long the server has been up, load averages, and who is logged in and what they are doing.
finger
eg finger richard@narromine.com
is similar to w but can be used to see what people are doing on remote servers without logging in
ls
gives you a list of files in the current directory
ls -al
gives a more detailed listing of files including permissions
ps -aux
shows all processes or jobs running on the server and their PID's or Process ID's (usefull when u need to kill a job)
top
shows you which processes are using the most cpu time, and memory resources
cp
this is like the dos copy command and is used to copy files you can specify absolute paths this is often handy
rm
removes files or deletes them (Warning - this operation is final, no second changes!)
rm -r
can be used to remove directories or collections of files without further questioning (very powerfull)
less
eg less index.html
This is used to view the content of files (use q to get out of it)
| (pipe)
or "shift \" on most keyboards, is used to pipe the output from one application into another, for example try this
ls -al | less
This will allow you to browse through a long list of files using the less command set
telnet eg telnet narromine.com
Is the traditional way of logging in to remote servers, this method does not encript the packets sent, hence making it insecure a better way of logging into remote sites is with the ssh command
ssh narromine.com
Uses a Secure Shell to make the connection which encrypts trffic before sending it.
top vi filename
To start editing a file, enter the command "vi file_name<carriage-return>". The command you should enter as soon as you start editing is ":set verbose show- mode<carriage-return>". This will make the editor give you verbose error messages and display the current mode at the bottom of the screen.
The commands to move around the file are:
h Move the cursor left one character.
j Move the cursor down one line.
k Move the cursor up one line.
l Move the cursor right one character.
<cursor-arrows>
The cursor arrow keys should work, too.
/text<carriage-return>
Search for the string ``text'' in the file, and
move the cursor to its first character.
The commands to enter new text are:
a Append new text, after the cursor.
i Insert new text, before the cursor.
o Open a new line below the line the cursor is on,
and start entering text.
O Open a new line above the line the cursor is on,
and start entering text.
<escape>
Once you've entered input mode using the one of the
a, i, O or o commands, use <escape> to quit enter-
ing text and return to command mode.
The commands to copy text are:
yy Copy the line the cursor is on.
p Append the copied line after the line the cursor is
on.
The commands to delete text are:
dd Delete the line the cursor is on.
x Delete the character the cursor is on.
The commands to write the file are:
:w<carriage-return>
Write the file back to the file with the name that
you originally used as an argument on the vi com-
mand line.
:w file_name<carriage-return>
Write the file back to the file with the name
``file_name''.
The commands to quit editing and exit the editor are:
:q<carriage-return>
Quit editing and leave vi (if you've modified the
file, but not saved your changes, vi will refuse to
quit).
:q!<carriage-return>
Quit, discarding any modifications that you may
have made.
One final caution. Unusual characters can take up more
than one column on the screen, and long lines can take up
more than a single screen line. The above commands work
on ``physical'' characters and lines, i.e. they affect the
entire line no matter how many screen lines it takes up
and the entire character no matter how many screen columns
it takes up.
These are the basic vi commands, for power user mode please read the manual with
man vi
top To restart the Apache web server (httpd) use
apachectl graceful
To reload the ipnat rules use
ipnat -CF -f /etc/ipnat.rules
To look for red worm virus attacks, search for default.ida in the web log files found at
cd /var/www/logs/
cat access_log | grep default.ida | wc -l
To rotate log files on a regular basis, say once a day, edit this file
/etc/newsyslog.conf
This file is read by the system every hour. To edit it, type
cd /etc/
then type
vi newsyslog.conf
Useful vi commands include a fro add or i for insert, hit esc for a mode change, :wq to write and quite
Top Setting up the use of distant proxy servers eg Department of Education and Training
To get a unix box to use the DET's proxy servers for HTTP use
export http_proxy="http://proxyds.schools.nsw.edu.au:80"
Test with:
ftp http://narromine.com/index.html
and for ftp use
export ftp_proxy="ftp://proxyds.schools.nsw.edu.au:80"
Test with
ftp ftp://narromine.com/mac/test.htm
NOTE: This must be done on every login or added to the .profile file in the users home directory!
To reload the configuration file of any daemon type
kill -HUP PID (where PID is the Process IDentification, which can be obtained using ps -aux)
To actually kill a daemon type
kill -KILL PID
To restart the Domain Name Server (DNS or named) type
named -t /var/named -u named
To change the name of the server, as root type
hostname newname
To start the router daemon type
routed -q
To load SAMBA (windows server) type both
smbd -D
nmbd -D
to load proton chat, as root, type
/usr/local/bin/chatd -u chatd -g chatd -p23
To create an archive (tar ball or tar file) type
tar -cf tar_file_name stuff_to_tar
If you which to use compression and receive feedback on the progress use
tar -Zvcf tar_file_name stuff_to_tar
To expand an archive (tar ball) use
tar -xf filename_to_untar.tar
To expand a compressed tar ball use
tar -xzf filename.tar.gz
To create a symbolic link to another directory type
ln -s directory_to_symlink_to symlink_name
To copy files using ssh (highly recommended) type
scp -r user@host:/path/to/source/file user@host:/path/to/destination/file
note that only one user@host is required if you are already logged into one of the servers.
To mount a floppy disk, you must first mount the drive with
cd /mnt
mkdir floppy
mount /dev/fd0a /mnt/floppy
to mount a CD-ROM use
cd /mnt
mkdir cdrom
mount /dev/cd0a /mnt/cdrom
to specify an msdos formatted floppy use
mount -t msdos /dev/fd0a /mnt/floppy
Port numbers and associated services can be found at
less /etc/services
If you wish to find a file use
locate filename
If you wish to locate the home directory for an application (eg perl) use
whereis perl
To install netatalk (appletalk server) you will need to get the file:
netatalk-1.4b2+asun2.1.3.tar.gz from
ftp://ftp.cobaltnet.com/pub/users/asun/release/
expand this file in your directory or in /tmp then modify the Makefile
by replacing ${PREFIX} with /usr/local and ${sysconfdir} with /etc
then make, then install.
You will also need to recompile the kernel
You then need to copy the kernel config file and add the word NETATALK in the appropriate location.
This file can be found at
/usr/src/sys/arch/i386/conf
cp generic newkernel
vi newkernel (a netatalk, ESC, :wq)
cd ../compile/newkernel
make depend && make
cd /
cp /bsd /bsd.old
cp /sys/arch/i386/compile/newkernel/bsd /bsd
the reboot using
shutdown -r now
you can the setup the shares for appletalk by
cd /etc/netatalk/
vi AppleVolumes.default
remember to :wq when finished
Note this file is read everytime a user tries to mount a volume on their mac.
To remove a directory containing files and other directories use
rm -rf directory_name
To make the CPU do usefull things when it sits idle, go to
http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu
Setting up samba, go to
cd /usr/ports/net/samba/
then type
make
wait a while, when ready type
make install
then configure the files in
cd /etc/samba/
good luck, I am still working through this oct 2001
to restart squid use
squid -k reconfigure /usr/local/bin/squid
edit the squid config file to give email access.